This project was supported by a grant from the Queensland Arts Council.

Mr George Davis is a Malanbarra Yidinyji elder and uncle to the Ngadjonji by marriage. He is an acknowledged authority on the Atherton Tablelands rainforest aboriginal tribes and one of the last of the traditional implement-makers. Malanbarra Yidinyji and Ngadjonji were neighbours and according to Uncle George they shared trade, bora grounds on boundaries, some ceremonies and sometimes intermarried. Though they were not of the same language group, over the thousands of years they may have shared boundaries they did acquire some shared vocabulary. Traditionally many members of both tribes would have been able to speak both languages.

George has worked all his life to ensure that some of the old knowledge is preserved and in this spirit he agreed to a request by the Ngadjonji elders to make a shield for the Malanda Environment Centre and another for the Eacham Historical Society using traditional shield-making techniques and Ngadjonji clan markings. Shane Barlow and some others helped the enterprise at various times, thus acquiring some of the skills required for shield-making and some knowledge of shield markings.

In the old days young boys would have grown up amongst the shield-making, helping their elders at various stages. Only initiated men who had become warriors made shields for their own use.

The trunk of a Figwood soars towards the rainforest canopy

Large buttresses spread out from the base of a Figwood

Shield markings represented the portion of tribal country that the clan belonged to. Symbolically the shield is a bora ground. A groups’ camp position at warrama (intertribal corroboree) was relevant to the direction of their home country and the shield markings denoted where a person came from, like a flag.

George’s country includes some of the lowland forests of the Goldsbrough Valley and he generously donated the wood for the shields, which comes from the buttress root of Figwood ( Ficus albipila ) which grows only in the lowland forests. This wood was once a very desirable trading item.

Getting the Wood

L to R: Owen Ray, Mamu elder Robbie Major, Margaret Huxley (seated), Bernie Viddler with pooch, Duncan Ray (George's right-hand man) and George Davis.

George Davis with past & present implements. An old shield scar can be seen on the tree.	George decided he could cut the wood for four shields without mortally damaging the tree, which is a managed and treasured resource. These blocks of wood were very heavy, no matter that Bernie made it look easy. Uncle Robbie had a very effective rolling technique which worked until we reached the upward incline where the cars were parked. The blocks were loaded onto the tray of one of the vehicles and taken back to Atherton where they were stored in an airy shed for drying out. When Uncle George started to get impatient he drove around with them in the back of his car and left them sweating in the heat of the car.	Carrying out the wood

Shaping the Wood With Shane Barlow helping, the timber is cut and dried for a few more days. Once the wood is sufficiently dry it is put on a block, measured up and shaped using chainsaw and hammer and chisel.

	Using a steel adze, Shane trims the wood back and thins it down. Next to him he has a shield made previously by Owen, Duncan and George. (left) More sanding and chiselling, slowly the wood is fined down and the shield begins to emerge. (right)

	The shield is emerging, front in good shape, side-on showing no warp.

Preparing the Surface Loose fibres and splinters are burnt off and then the shield is sanded and scraped to get back to a smooth surface.

Resin Pot The resin from the sap of a grass tree ( Xanthorrhoea johnsonii - ngunuy in Ngadjon & Yidiny ) is quickly painted onto the shield and then ignited. This acts as a wood-sealant and primer for later painting.

Duncan is enlarging the handle hole by burning with red-hot coals.	George and Duncan give the shield it's final sanding.

Painting the Shield With a photocopy of shields which embellished the old five pound note (Uncle George says the design on one of the two shields is the same as the clan markings for the Ngunyinbarra clan of the Ngadjonji) Shane works out the pattern. The pattern is then chalked onto the shield. Aunty Emma's permission was given as the oldest clan member, for the use of this design.

A white sap from a secret tree is mixed with a little saliva and painted on with the ochre, this makes the ochres waterproof. Yellow, then red are painted first, followed by the white and finally the black.

	Shane with the finished shield belonging to the Ngunyinbarra clan of the Ngadjonji (whose land extended from the Russell River to Lamins Hill), which he helped to make, and the traditional sword. Eddie Mitchell's Ngadjonji clan markings, for which he kindly gave us permission, chalked in, the Ngunyinbarra Ngadjonji shield and Uncle George with an unfinished shield of Yidinyji design. (below)

The Shield on Display On Tuesday 29th February 2000 a small ceremony was held at the Malanda Environment Centre where the shield was received by the Elders and mounted as part of the display of Ngadjonji History and Culture at the Centre. Ngunyinbarra Ngadjonji Elder Emma Johnston (right) who accepted the shield on behalf of her Clan and Tribe and allowed it to be included in the Exhibit; Yidinyji Elder and Uncle to the Ngadjonji, shield-maker George Davis (left); Emma's grandson, Ngadjonji artist Warren Canendo (front) - under the shield in position in the Ngadjonji Exhibit.

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